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Voyages of the L. H. Hvidt and the William Tapscott, 1859. Christian Ybañez, ThinkSpatial, BYU Geography.

Ye Saints that dwell on Europe’s shores

Prepare yourselves with many more

To leave behind your native land

For sure God’s judgements are at hand.

Prepare to cross the stormy main

Before you do the valley gain

And with the faithful make a start

To cross the plains with your hand cart.

—John D. T. McAllister, “The Hand Cart Song,” verse one

Historical Introduction

In 1857 U.S. President James Buchanan sent 2,500 U.S. troops to the Utah Territory. The troops were meant to put down the supposed rebellion in Utah by Latter-day Saint leader President Brigham Young and the Utah Territorial Militia.[1] The resulting Utah War, which lasted from May 1857 to July 1858, forced Church leaders in Great Britain to announce a temporary halt in immigration to America by the autumn of 1857:

To the Saints who are making preparations to emigrate to the States and to Utah during the ensuing season, we say, for the efforts you have made you will be blessed, . . . [but] in view of the difficulties which are now threatening the Saints, we deem it wisdom to stop all emigration to the States and Utah for the present. We anticipate that it will not be long until the way will again be opened so that you can go home. As the morning mist is dispelled by the glory of the rising sun, so will the present intervening difficulties be banished by the glory of God, when He shall make bare His arm of power, in defence [sic] of His people, as He did in the days when He led them out of the land of Egypt.[2]

While a number of pioneer companies did make it to Utah in 1857, Latter-day Saint immigration slowed dramatically in 1858, only resuming fully in 1859.[3]

For many Scandinavian Latter-day Saint emigrants, the journey to join with the Eighth Handcart Company in the summer of 1859 began in the disparate Church units of the Scandinavian Mission. Apostle Erastus Snow and several of his missionary companions had introduced the restored gospel to the Nordic nations beginning in 1850, and Scandinavian immigration to Zion began in 1852. By late November 1858, the mission had 3,709 baptized members, with 2,492 (67 percent) in Denmark (9 conferences with 102 branches); 756 (20 percent) in Sweden (4 conferences with 10 branches); and 461 (12 percent) in Norway (1 conference with 13 branches). During that year, over one thousand new members had been baptized, but only seventy Saints had immigrated to Utah. Before year’s end, however, mission president Carl Widerborg received word from President Young that immigration to Utah would resume the following spring. The news delighted the Scandinavian Saints, who were eager to gather to Zion.

On January 1, 1859, the editors of the Church-issued Skandinaviens Stjerne (Scandinavian Star) in Copenhagen, Denmark, announced that those prospective emigrants who wished to cross the American Plains by handcart would need to pay 150 rigsdaler (75 dollars) and those who planned to travel by wagon and ox team would be required to give up about 200 rigsdaler (100 dollars). Interested Latter-day Saints were then invited to send their personal information and a monetary advance to their conference presidents to ensure a travel spot in the upcoming 1859 emigration season.[4] That January, the Church’s British Millennial Star announced: “We are pleased to be able at length to say to the Saints that emigration is again opened for all those who have means at their command to gather to Zion.”[5] Later that January the same paper stirred up excitement for the coming gathering season to Zion: “But the Lord has again opened the door of emigration; and, for the same reason which has guided us heretofore, we now direct particular attention to the gathering, and shall dwell with our readers upon views which have a direct or relative bearing upon this most important part of the work of God.”[6]

By the early spring of 1859, hundreds of Scandinavian Saints had traveled to Copenhagen, where they prepared to cross the North Sea. On April 1 of that year, 355 emigrating members of the Scandinavian Mission—224 Danes (63 percent), 113 Swedes (32 percent), and 18 Norwegians (5 percent)—boarded the 328-ton L. N. Hvidt under the watchful care of Church leaders Carl Widerborg and Niels Wilhelmsen, who accompanied them to eastern Britain.[7] This emigrant company endured five days on the stormy North Sea before finally docking at Grimsby, England, where they boarded a train bound for the port of Liverpool on the opposite Atlantic coast.[8] There they rendezvoused with the other European Saints who planned to cross the Atlantic that spring.

In mid-May the group departed from Liverpool, England. It was the largest group of European Latter-day Saints during that emigration season. According to the contemporary British Mission Emigration Register, 725 Latter-day Saints were passengers on the William Tapscott: 601 adults (83 percent), 92 children (13 percent), and 32 infants (4 percent). They hailed from nine countries, with 293 Saints from England (40 percent), 224 from Denmark (31 percent), 113 from Sweden (16 percent), 35 from Wales (5 percent), 26 from Scotland (4 percent), 18 from Norway (2 percent), 10 from Ireland (1 percent), 5 from Switzerland (1 percent), and 1 from the United States (less than 1 percent). Of these 725 immigrants bound for Zion, 149 (21 percent) were traveling as “Hand Cart Class” pioneers (119 adults, 24 children, and 6 infants).[9] European mission president Asa Calkin appointed Elder Robert F. Neslen, who was returning to the United States after serving a mission in England, as president of the immigrant company, with Elders Henry H. Harris and George Rowley as his counselors. The Millennial Star had this to say: “On the 11th instant, the ship William Tapscott set sail for New York, with 725 Saints on board. May the blessing of Heaven accompany them on their journey Zionward; and may the Saints whom they have left behind in these lands be stimulated to increased exertions to swell the emigration list for another season, that they may then rise and follow them.”[10]

Source Note

Robert Francis Neslen, diary, CHL; Henry Hobbs, diary, CHL; and Hans Olsen Magleby, diary, CHL.

Document Transcripts

Thursday, April 7, 1859

[Neslen][11]

Went on board the ship William Tapscott[12] in the afternoon and found placed under my watch care 723 Saints which were gathered from England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, France, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway. Commenced with my counselors, Henry Harries[13] and George Rowley,[14] to organize the ship’s company into wards to the number of ten, appointing a president over each to see to the faithful observance of cleanliness and good order among the passengers. In the afternoon divided the Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians into five wards and had the steward serve out provisions. At night returned on shore. Late at night a birth took place, which was a boy, who was named after the captain [James Bell] of the ship, Charles James Bell [Higson].[15]

[Hobbs][16]

Spent most of the day on board the ship. Went on shore to do some shopping for several of the sisters. Returned by the packet.[17] Spent a comfortable evening with the Saints.

[Magleby][18]

After having arisen healthy, we all gathered in the customhouse,[19] and the Saints went on board ship. Some of the brethren remained to work with the baggage, where I remained, and moreover, I was chosen to be cook for the company, for which I will receive free transportation across the ocean. In the afternoon visited in William Tapscott, where I received visitors under the deck. All is well.

Friday, April 8, 1859

[Neslen] Organized the English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, Swiss, French, and Germans into five wards, appointing a president over each. Called all the passengers together, gave them their instructions as to what would be required of them by way to observe peace, order, harmony, cleanliness, etc., etc., supplied them with provisions. During the day a number of the brethren were continually going to and fro of the ship, which is anchored off in the River Mersey,[20] taking their leave of the passengers.

[Hobbs] Several of the brethren were taken up by the police for leaving their families. Today we received instructions how to proceed on our way. We were told to be in bed by half past nine or ten [p.m.] and a guard to be appointed to watch the sailors to see that they did not infringe on our rights. Also, that we have prayers at eight in the morning and eight at night. Brother [Robert] Neslen was appointed captain and Brother [James] Bond[21] and [Henry] Harries as his counselors. The ship was divided into ten wards. Brother George Keaton[22] was appointed president over the [first] cabin, Brother Henry Olpin[23] over the [second?], and Brother Henry Hartley[24] over the bachelor’s hall.

We were told not to go on the poop deck,[25] neither to bother the sailors while they were attending to their duty, and we were especially requested to take a good stock of patience and bear with each other’s frailties, and this in my experience is a wise course to adopt, as those who have not got a sufficient portion of it will soon be filled with an evil spirit and lose the good one. A proclamation was read to the Saints by Brother [Niels] Wilhelmsen,[26] stating that if we would be obedient to the one appointed to lead us, we should be blessed and prospered on our journey.

[Magleby] On board. All is well. May the Lord be praised. Boxed some things.

Saturday, April 9, 1859

[Neslen] The governing emigration inspectors and doctors came on board, passed the passengers, and cleared the ship, which caused the Saints to feel that the time of their departure was nigh at hand, but owing to a headwind[27] and a lack of seamen,[28] we did not put to sea.

[Hobbs] We were up soon after five a.m. and cleaned our berths,[29] and we were then called on deck to be examined. I went but had to go back for my wife [Jane Hobbs].[30] Several of the Danish Saints were taken on shore because they were not considered to be well. At night or just before it was dark, they were brought on board again by Brothers [Carl] Widerborg[31] and Niels Wilhelmsen. Today we received our supplies of food: one pound of pork for each adult, one pound of flour, three and a half pounds of biscuit, one pound of oatmeal, one and a half pounds of beef, one and a half pounds of rice, one and a half pounds of peas, two pounds of potatoes, one pound of sugar, two ounces of tea,[32] two ounces of salt, half ounce of mustard, half ounce of pepper, one gill[33] of vinegar. Our water we receive every morning. Three quarts of water daily is allowed to each adult. Yesterday I wrote a letter to Mr. Roffers on the conduct of the Saints, etc. Today Presidents [Asa] Calkins,[34] [James] Ross,[35] [William] Budge,[36] Williams, McGee, Graham, and many others of the brethren went ashore after bidding us goodbye. We hurrahed them, etc. Quite a number of the brethren enrolled themselves as sailors to oblige Captain [James] Bell.[37] They only appeared in order to give satisfaction to the doctor, etc. Spent considerable of my time in my apartment nailing and making things fast for the rocking of the ship. Wrote considerable in journal. Wrote to mother, etc.

[Magleby] On board ship. Rejoiced with song and dance, with [Carl] Widerborg and [Niels] Wilhelmsen.

Sunday, April 10, 1859

[Neslen] A number of seamen came on board. A strong headwind blew, which prevented us from putting to sea. Afternoon we called a meeting and had preaching on board by myself, Elders [James] Bond, [Henry] Harries, and [George] Rowley.

[Hobbs] The band was organized, and Brother John Schofield[38] was appointed president over them. They played several tunes to commence with. In the afternoon Brothers Williams, Woodward, and Williamson left us for good to go on shore. We gave them a good song and hurrahed them. In the afternoon Brother [George] Rowley spoke to some length and said he never saw better order on board a ship and testified that if we would be obedient to those over us, we should be gathered in safety to New York. Brother [Henry] Harries spoke and said he did not know much about preaching but would do his best. He said he had been brought up a miller[39] up till the time that he heard the Mormons. He then went to Zion [Utah] and was sent back on a mission but said he thought it would have been a hundred years before he could have been prepared for the position which he now held as counselor to President [Robert] Neslen. He said he rejoiced greatly in the faith and he desired to see the Saints continue to be one. He then spoke for a short time in Welsh. When Brother James Bond appeared on the stand, he remarked that whether we stayed in the channel or went on our way we were still getting nearer. He also stated that he did not know that he ever had any friends, for those against him and his religion he considered were against him, and only those were his friends who loved the gospel. Brother [Robert] Neslen then addressed us and said if we would be obedient, we should land safe in America. He gave some good counsel, telling us not to grumble when asked to do a thing but to go to and do it cheerfully, we should be blessed. Wrote to some of the sisters, friends, then had a ward meeting. I was called upon to speak and said I rejoiced in the plan of organization, that it was good and would save the people. I referred to the different ships that left for foreign lands and the great amount of young women seduced on them and said I considered we were highly favored to have such good rules to prevent sailors from abusing our women. I said Mormonism was like a wedding ring, no end but one eternal round, and that it would roll forth and fill the whole earth with light. I said I considered it was the greatest testimony we could bear to the nations to emigrate. Brother [George] Keaton spoke and said we must attend to our prayers and not get a bad spirit into us and then find fault with everybody. Brother Neslen spoke and said he sometimes felt ashamed of himself when he knew that he had done amiss and that it was good for us to examine ourselves and see what was the matter with us. Brother [Mark] Lindsey[40] spoke and said it was salvation to be up at five a.m. and cleaning the berths. I was administered[41] to for a strain and felt relieved afterwards. Brother Neslen administered to me and prayed that I may be strengthened on my journey and do good in my day and generation, and I do believe his prayer will be answered. A brother told me my watch had no life nor spirit in it. Meetings were had in all the rest of the wards tonight.

[Magleby] The brethren bade us farewell. Rejoicing among the Saints. The time was used for meeting.

Monday, April 11, 1859

[Neslen] At four a.m. weighed anchor[42] and proceeded to sea.[43] At eight a.m. passed the bell buoy. At 3:45 [p.m.] discharged the pilot[44] and stood out to sea with a light breeze and clear weather. Wind north-northwest.

[Hobbs] Set sail for New York at half past three o’clock. Then commenced the seasickness. Great numbers were sick, myself and wife [Jane Hobbs] among the number.

[Magleby] Early in the morning we weighed anchor and were taken out into the ocean. I performed my [cooking] duty.

Tuesday, April 12, 1859

[Neslen] Light breeze and fine weather.

[Hobbs] Most of the Saints sick.

[Magleby] On board ship.

Wednesday, April 13, 1859

[Neslen] Light breeze with clear weather throughout the night. A strong breeze; many seasick on board. Several meetings, observation at noon.

[Magleby] On ship in the ocean.

Thursday, April 14, 1859

[Neslen] Light wind all day with some calms. The seasickness is somewhat departing.

[Hobbs] Some of the folks began to recover from their sickness, but I and my wife [Jane Hobbs] were helpless. My brother William [Hobbs][45] [top right corner of page torn; text is missing]

[Magleby] On board ship. My birthday.[46]

Friday, April 15, 1859

[Neslen] Strong wind. The seasickness among the passengers returned with many during the day more favorable. Several dancing on deck.[47]

[Hobbs] Still very sick, and so was Jane [Hobbs] and lots of the Saints.

[Magleby] Did my [cooking] duty.

Saturday, April 16, 1859

[Neslen] A calm most of the day. Fresh supply of provisions were given out. Afternoon a number commenced dancing, which I engaged in freely.

[Hobbs] We had a pint bottle of porter[48] given between every two adults, which was altogether unexpected and came just at the right time when we were recovering. The captain [James Bell] let the folks come on deck with their beds. It was a lovely day for those recovering. The ship sailed slowly, and the Lord was kind indeed to us. I was restored to health, and so was Jane [Hobbs] to some extent, as were most of the Saints.

[Magleby] I am free today. Have been reading a little English[49] and written in my journal.

Sunday, April 17, 1859

[Neslen] Light breeze at northeast. Meeting on deck. I married fifteen couples; five couples were English, one Swiss, nine Dane, Swedish, and Norwegian, whose names I here insert, after which I blest the child that was born on board and gave him the name of Charles James Bell.[50] At night had several meetings.[51] I preached to the first, fourth, and fifth ward, who assembled, in one subject, preparation. We were sailing in company with the Dreadnought.[52]

[Hobbs] The sun shone in its splendor. A fair wind. Ship sailing from eight to ten knots[53] an hour. This was the best time we had experienced, as we had made but little progress since we left Liverpool. This morning it was given out that we were 510 miles from Liverpool. This caused the Saints to rejoice. A meeting commenced on board by half past ten a.m. Brother [George] Rowley commenced by prayer. Brother [Robert] Neslen then addressed us at some length on the subject of marriage and said that many would burn their fingers at it. He said men were to be kind to their wives. If not, they would lose them. He said that none need not come forward for marriage, only those who had made arrangements before their embarkation, as he did not believe in marrying those who had made up their minds in such a hurry and as soon as they caught the fever; several were consequently disappointed in their nuptials. He also said who were the fit persons to have wives, and it was those who were kind to the sick, who did not grumble to go on guard, and who did not look black[54] at their president when he requested them to clean out their berths. He said he could, if it was necessary, give the first letters of the names of some strong, healthy men who had let their sick wives do the best they could to help themselves. He said he had his eye on them and should remember them accordingly. He spoke on cleanliness, etc. Brother [James] Bond then addressed us. He spoke about the cold feelings of love existing among the Gentiles.[55] He also spoke of the social evil and said he hoped that those who were at Hymen’s shrine[56] were not possessed with feelings of this kind but trusted that they were going to work understandingly like men and women of God. After he got through with speaking, the choir sang “How Glorious Will Be the Morning,”[57] after which Brother Neslen married four couples of English, one of Swiss, and nine couples of Danish. After this business was settled the Danes [had] a testifying meeting on deck. Sister Jane [Hobbs] and Sister [Elizabeth] Brereton[58] are quite poorly. Yesterday the ship Dreadnought was seen by the mate[59] not far from us. She left Liverpool after us. She is about 2,000 tons burden[60] and considered to be the fastest sailor on the ocean. Where she is today heavens knows. She is making for New York.

[Magleby] Today in the saloon[61] fourteen couples were married. Eight couples were Danish and six couples [were] English. Good wind today.

Monday, April 18, 1859

[Neslen] Strong breeze at southeast. Many seasick.

[Hobbs] Most of the passengers [are] sick or poorly. The ship [is] going at a great speed.

[Magleby] I am free. Reading English.

Tuesday, April 19, 1859

[Neslen] Fine breeze at south-southeast. Thick with rain. All sails set. Meetings at night.

[Hobbs] At twelve o’clock [p.m.] we were 909 miles from Liverpool. The wind was very weak, and most of the passengers came on board to recruit[62] themselves. The band was playing a little, and the folks feeling tolerably cheerful this morning and yesterday, we had a little wine[63] given us by Brother [George] Keaton. Yesterday Sister Lang was very kind and made some nice gruel for me and my wife, but I think she did it in order that she might get some of our ham. At night we had a testifying meeting in our ward. Some spirited testimonies were born. I bore mine, stating that the heavenly light and influence of this gospel would soon be felt among all nations and that kings and great men would assist this people to gather home. I also stated that it was the devil and his agency that had power to afflict us with sickness and prayed that he might be bound and not have power to afflict us more. Brother [James] Bond spoke and said that we were now going the easiest part of our journey and must consequently make the most of it; he said some thought it was the worst but that when we had hold of the handcart and in the mud, etc., we would find it out.[64] Brother [George] Rowley said they were bound to go safe, for there were those on board who had received the promise while in Zion of returning home in safety. Brother [Robert] Neslen spoke and said that if a man had lost confidence in himself, he did not feel well when he stood up to instruct others, but he thought that all that had spoken their experience felt well and enjoyed the good spirit. The singing was excellent.

[Magleby] I feel well. Doing my [cooking] duty.

Wednesday, April 20, 1859

[Neslen] Light breeze at northeast. All sails set. Running gently all day. Plenty of dancing on deck, interspersed with song singing and gymnastic recreations.

[Hobbs] A meeting was established at or soon after ten a.m. and called the lyceum[65] and a discussion was to take place at two [p.m.] in the afternoon. Subject: [which] was the most beneficial to the masses of the people, the compass or the press. My brother [William Hobbs] was appointed one of the judges. The rations of beef, pork, potatoes, and vinegar being dealt out this afternoon prevented the discussion taking place. Sister Matilda Barrett[66] has been a friend indeed to me and my friends in cooking us our food, etc. May she be abundantly blessed is my prayer. Today we are upwards of a thousand miles from Liverpool. The wind today is not very favorable. We are sailing very slow. Two ships in sight and the sun shining. Several of the Saints are very sick and I am but feeble. Jane [Hobbs] is somewhat better. Lots of beds on deck airing today. I made inquiries as to how many Saints were on board. Brother [Robert] Neslen said the total was 726 and had come from different nations: English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, French, Italians, Swiss, Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians. Captain [James] Bell is from America. There are two races of Blacks on board and one Russian. These are in the crew, so all together I think we have quite a variety, and this is going a long way to fulfill the words of the prophets, namely, they shall gather from many nations. The doctor on board is an Irishman but doesn’t seem to take much notice of his patients. The two or three mates on board are wild around seamen fellows and very rough with the sailors but quite sociable with us. The first one talks of going to Zion [Utah], but I cannot say whether he means it or not. Take notice.

The names of the following persons are those who rendered me some assistance while leaving Carlisle for the Great Salt Lake City: Sister Blain, six shillings, a pair of stockings, and a pot of preserves; Ann Paisley Senior, one shilling and a pair of stockings; Robert and Thomas Paisley, not in the Church, one shilling each; Mary Armstrong, one shilling and a knife; Mother Taylor, not in the Church, one shilling; Brother W. J. Maughn, the best part of ten shillings; J. Murray, not in the Church, one shilling; Peter Adam, a cap worth two shillings and six pence; Sister Ruddick, two shillings and a cotton handkerchief; her daughter, not in the Church, one shilling; Catherine McGevey, two shillings and six pence and a collar for Sister Hobbs; Sister Chaplain, a pair of stockings; Sister Mary Richardson, two shillings and six pence; Mrs. Lindsey, not in the Church, a pot of preserves, can of eggs, etc.; Elizabeth Trimble, one shilling and a sheet; Sister Thomlison made me two shirts and gave me a trifle[67] of money; a friend of hers, Mrs. Dobson, not in the Church, a small bottle of brandy; Brother Trimble made me a pair of trousers; Brother John Brown, one shilling; Elizabeth Pearson gave me a shirt, pair of stockings, bed quilt, pot of preserves, and a trifle of money. The Saints in this conference in days gone by have not borne a good name, but I will say nothing, only let their works speak for them. The following is a list of things useful at sea: good flour, potatoes, salt, preserves, a good cooked ham, plenty of eggs, lemons, a good cheese, some good coffee,[68] currants, plums, ink, spices, porter, port wine,[69] sago,[70] preserved fish, polonies,[71] a few sweet biscuits, some powders to go in the water, and don’t forget some alum,[72] and be sure you get good tins to hold your water and a barrel to hold your provisions, some good bags to hold your rations, baking powder, lard, suet,[73] good thick shoes, carpet slippers and warm clothing, plenty of soap, and don’t forget towels, a lamp and candles, a rolling pin, board, knives, forks, spoons, a little sugar, consecrated oil, shoe brushes, pepper, cream of tartar, ginger, cayenne pepper, some pickled cabbage, a box with separate apartments.

At night attended a meeting in the bachelor’s hall. Quite a lot of the Saints there from other wards. Brother [Henry] Hartley called upon me to speak. I told them it was with peculiar feelings I addressed them, on account of being surrounded by so many young bachelors. I told them if they were faithful, the time would soon come when they would no more be bachelors but married men raising up children that would go forth and defend the kingdom of God among the nations of the earth, etc. All hands felt glad.

[Magleby] The same.

Thursday, April 21, 1859

[Neslen] A delightful breeze. The ship running charmingly. During the day fell in company with the ships Monarch of the Sea[74] and the J. F. Chapman.

[Hobbs] Two ships passed by us. Our captain spoke to them by putting up different flags.[75] The weather cold and damp. I was sick and so was Jane [Hobbs]. This day we are 1,065 miles from Liverpool. Tonight, a ward meeting was held. Brother [George] Keaton said that those who went out of the Church through rough usage showed their weakness and that men should look at principle and not at individuals. He said he had been used rough, but he bore with it till a change had taken place. He said when he got to the [Salt Lake] valley, he should feel pleased if he could get a mud hut and that he believed the Lord would prosper him there, even as he had done in the old country.

[Magleby] The same.

Friday, April 22, 1859

[Neslen] Breeze from the northeast with a very heavy sea. Still in company with Monarch of Sea and J. F. Chapman, both a great distance astern.[76]

[Hobbs] Middle of the day we were 1,170 miles from Liverpool. Today Jane [Hobbs] kept in bed. Got up in the evening but was very sick. I enjoyed myself in the dance this afternoon. Attended prayers in First Ward at night.

[Magleby] I am free today. I feel well.

Saturday, April 23, 1859

[Neslen] A dead calm during day. A breeze arose from the south-southwest with rain. In company with ships Monarch of Sea and Constellation. Very busy in serving out provisions.

[Hobbs] Weather fine and calm. Most of the folks recovering from sickness. We are sailing slow at present. My wife [Jane Hobbs] is much better. Thanks be to God for her recovery. This morning I engaged in prayer in First Ward and prayed that the wind and waves may be propitious to waft[77] us to the land of our destination. I perceive that the Scandinavians are very fond of reading English. I admire their zeal and doubt not but they will soon have a good knowledge of our language. Today we are 1,234 miles from Liverpool. It is raining fast. I am staying on deck to prevent sickness. Sang some Mormon songs to amuse the folks. Attended prayers in First Ward. Brother [Mark] Lindsey prayed. This afternoon the wind is blowing tremendous. The captain [James Bell] says we are going eleven knots an hour. Praised be the Lord of Host[s] for hearing our prayers. My wife is but poorly.

[Magleby] I am doing my [cooking] duty.

Sunday, April 24, 1859

[Neslen] A fine wind at north-northeast. Sometimes cloudy with rain. Our same companions with us in sight. Held meetings on deck. Elders [Henry] Hobbs, [Mark] Lindsey, [Henry] Olpin, [William] Scogings,[78] [George] Keaton, [Henry] Harries, [George] Rowley, [James] Bond, and myself preached. Another meeting was held at night.

[Hobbs] Wind still favorable. This morning I am sitting on the poop [deck] and am struck with awe and admiration at the sublime scene which is before me. To see the furious waves of the ocean rolling up into mountains and then lashing themselves one over the other. The scenery is truly grand and is worthy of all the praise we can bestow upon it. At one time it has the appearance of hills covered with snow and the wind drifting it about from one place to the other. At other times it is like the clouds of heaven. At times there are valleys to be seen, and then in an instant they will swell into hills. Here it would not be amiss to quote a verse of poetry touching this subject.

And the most wonderful of all is to see our ship going almost at railway speed over the trackless ocean, bearing in her arms hundreds of the seed of Abraham, who, through the mercy of God, have been delivered from bondage and oppression in order that they may carry out the purposes of the great Jehovah and do a work which will cause thrones and empires to crumble in the dust, and the kingdom of God shall flourish and shine forth clear as the moon, fair as the sun, and terrible as an army with banners.[79]

Since yesterday at twelve a.m. we have traveled 195 [miles], up till twelve a.m. today, which brings us a distance from Liverpool of 1,429 [miles]. This morning a meeting was held on deck. I was called upon to speak and did so for a short time. I said that it was frequently the case that we would pray for the wind to be in our favor, and when it was and the ship became obstreperous[80] and seasickness prevailed, then we felt to pray the other way that it may be calm. I said if God heard all our prayers and answered them, we should be making a plaything of him; and that if the winds was favorable and sickness prevalent, I would be satisfied. Brother Henry Olpin spoke, and Henry Hartley, the latter, said we had every opportunity while on board of showing who we were and what we were and begetting confidence or losing it just according to the course we pursue. In the afternoon, meeting commenced again. Brothers [Robert] Neslen, [Henry] Harries, [James] Bond and [George] Rowley addressed us. Brother Harries compared us to a lot of sheep because we were huddled so close together, and he spoke of our concentrating our thoughts and having our minds centered on what was being said and not have them in New York or on the plains pulling handcarts. He said it was possible to control the mind, for he had done so to a great extent and could now ask the Lord several things and have his heart and mind on those things. He spoke of the sheep on the hills and said if they brought them to where there was good pasture, when you wanted to find them, you had to go to the hills for them, unless you made the gates and hedges secure, and after a time they would like the good living so well that if you left the gates open, they were not disposed to run away; and so upon the same principle we could drive every wicked thought from us by chaining our minds down to do right. Brother Neslen spoke of potato stealers and said it was not right for persons to steal the few potatoes from the oven which the sick so much enjoyed, and if it was done again the parties should be cut off the Church of Jesus Christ. He said we were the best lot of Saints that ever crossed the Atlantic and he hoped the few who had done wrong would do better. He said when we got to America, we should meet with lots of swindlers and must keep our eyes open, and said if we should see a few of them we thought good men turn from us, we must not mind but hold fast to the rod of iron, [81] etc. Brother Bond said he had come across some very mean folks in his travels and that if they could be saved, all hell could rejoice, for they were safe. He said some of them would kill a flea for the hide and tallow and would steal the coppers from a dead [black man]’s eyes. He spoke of the time when Satan should be bound and said something about the chain that should bind him and said if all men would observe those sublime words of the Savior, namely, do unto others as you would they should do unto you,[82] that all would be a paradise and no meanness would be seen. He spoke of those who were sick and thought they would be better if they would stir about. He said half the ship or something to this effect could be sick if they tried. Brother Rowley said he never saw a lot of better Saints in his life and spoke on other subjects which I forget. At night we had a great number of the Saints from other wards in First Ward. Brother [George] Keaton said he would like to see the Saints improve their time while crossing the sea. He said he would rather be up to his neck in mud than be on the sea and suffering so much from sickness. He said he had not seen so much to admire on the sea as he had in the beautiful country of Italy.[83] He said that if the journey on the sea had taken twelve months to accomplish it, he should have started, because he knew that there were blessings to be received in Zion [Utah] that could not be had in the old country. Brother Neslen then addressed us on several different subjects. He cautioned us not to preach to the Gentiles on our way to Zion, that it was not requisite and that if it was, our presiding officers would attend to it. Told the sisters to be cautious with those polite gents that they would meet with in America. He said there were many temptations for us there, that we could get liquor very cheap and this would probably try some. He said when we were on the plains and felt to swear because things went awkward, not to do so, but keep our tongues within our teeth, and all would be well. He said that some would perhaps think their missions ended when they had left their homes, but he assured them it was not so, that there were lots of missions to be performed both here and in the spirit world. He said some would be appointed to preside over a few in the railway carriages and would be captains over tens and fifties and so on when they got on the plains. He said there was room for the brethren to make all the improvement they desired to, and if any wanted to become great speakers, prophets, apostles, or anything else, there was no obstacle to prevent them if they would go ahead in righteousness, etc.

[Magleby] This is Easter. I am free from service and am attending the English meeting practicing in English. In the evening the Scandinavian Saints had a meeting where I had the privilege of expressing some of my feelings and rejoiced in the gathering. Today good wind. The ship is moving well.

Monday, April 25, 1859

[Neslen] Wind from the north-northwest. Rain and heavy squalls.[84] All sails upon the ship. Passengers well.

[Hobbs] The wind is still favorable, and we are a distance of 1,640 miles from Liverpool, 1,593 [miles] from New York. Today I have felt very sick. Rations have been served out today. The Saints this afternoon are enjoying themselves in the dance.

[Magleby] I feel well. Doing my [cooking] duty. Good wind. Today we have finished one-half of the trip. The Lord be praised. Only a few are sick and no one dead. In the evening I revealed some of my feelings for Mary [Gjertrud Marie Christiansen],[85] which I understood were with joy received, and we made a covenant with each other to bless her, and I pressed the first kiss upon her cheek. Oh God, my Father, may it be with your will so that it may be a blessing to us is my prayer, Amen.

Tuesday, April 26, 1859

[Neslen] Light wind from north-northwest with remarkable clear weather. Meetings at wards at night.

[Hobbs] Wind and weather very favorable. Ship sailing about six knots an hour. This morning I rose early and washed myself all over, which very much revived me. Today I am reading the Book of Mormon. Most of the passengers on deck with their beds and bedding. Today we are a distance of [blank] [miles] from New York. Saints are enjoying themselves in the dance and song. Some of the brethren are delivering sectarian[86] sermons to amuse the Saints. Tonight, we had a testimony meeting in First Ward.

[Magleby] I feel very happy. Good weather. Practicing in English.

Wednesday, April 27, 1859

[Neslen] Almost a calm. A light wind arose during the day from the northwest, which was attended with fine, clear weather. Preaching in the afternoon on deck.

[Hobbs] But very little wind. The ship is going very slow. Sun is quite powerful. Most of the Saints [are] on deck with their bedding. At twelve o’clock [p.m.] . . . distance from New York, 1,420 miles. Today the Saints were called on deck to receive instructions from [Robert] Neslen, [George] Rowley, and [Henry] Harries. They were told to keep their berths and themselves very clean, as we were going into hotter climate and may have much sickness and deaths if these instructions were neglected to be carried out. We were told not to lay in the sun, as we were liable to be sunstruck or have the brain fever. This evening there is lots of dancing, singing, etc. My wife [Jane Hobbs] has been laying on the deck most of the day sick. Tonight, we had an excellent meeting in the bachelor’s hall. We had speeches from Brothers [Frank] Pitman,[87] [James] Bond, Harries, Neslen, [George] Keaton, [Henry] Hartley, and myself. Brother Pitman said he loved this work and hoped if there was any sectarian in him that it may soon be knocked out of him. I said in my remarks that I knew I was full of imperfections and was continually finding room for improvement. Brother Bond said he came across an Irishman one time in Liverpool who said he had not a bit of sectarianism in him; Brother John Taylor[88] arose and said he had not got rid of half his. He said that he had come across ill-matched couples in his travels and said how much some of these women desired to be liberated from their oppressors but would not make the first effort to accomplish this desirable object, and that he did not believe in what many of those kinds of persons said, or they would do anything to be happy. Brother Neslen told the Saints what kind of a place Castle Garden[89] was and what polite gents would present themselves to our sisters and try to lead them astray but that they must be on their guard. At ten [p.m.] or soon after I went on guard till twelve o’clock [a.m.].

[Magleby] Doing my [cooking] duty.

Thursday, April 28, 1859

[Neslen] Light wind from southwest. A variety of amusements on deck interspersed with songs.

[Hobbs] Arose at five a.m. and assisted in scraping and washing our berths out. The captain [James Bell] said in my hearing that he had never seen a cleaner ship. Today the wind is blowing strong. The sun is very powerful. Most of the passengers on deck. We are not traveling all together in the right direction. At twelve a.m. we are . . . from New York, 1,368 miles. This afternoon about fifty of the boys were trained for soldiers by Brothers [James] Bond and Robert F. Neslen, and real fun we had over it. At night we had a testimony meeting in the First Ward. Brother [Henry] Harries said it had been customary with him in the old country to call on one to bear testimony and then each one round in their turns, and by this plan he would hear from all after a time or two trying.

[Magleby] Have not slept much. I feel somewhat sick. Felt better during the day. The Lord be praised. Have a sore finger which is preventing me from doing my full [cooking] duty.

Friday, April 29, 1859

[Neslen] Fine wind from the west and all sails set.

[Hobbs] The weather cold and damp, some rain. A good many of the Saints poorly. Ship is moving and that is all. It is ten degrees colder today than yesterday. We are now on the banks of Newfoundland,[90] and the water is not so deep. We are about a hundred miles from the icebergs. Today at twelve a.m. . . . distance from New York, 1,270 miles. This evening there is lots of dancing on deck.

[Magleby] Doing my [cooking] duty.

Saturday, April 30, 1859

[Neslen] Wind from the northeast with very clear weather. Busy in serving out provisions.

[Hobbs] Ship in full sail. I and my wife [Jane Hobbs] are very sick. In the evening some rain. It is quite laughable every few minutes to see a large wave come over and drench the folks. Today at twelve o’clock [a.m.] we were a distance from New York of 1,113 miles.

[Magleby] I am free. I feel well. Attended meetings.

Sunday, May 1, 1859

[Neslen] Very strong wind all night from southwest. A heavy sea. Much rolling which was attended with considerable sickness. During the day it faired. Preaching by Elders [George] Keaton, [Henry] Hartley, [William] Scogings, [Thomas] France,[91] [Mark] Lindsey, [Henry] Harries, [George] Rowley, [James] Bond, and myself.

[Hobbs] We were very poorly from the severe rocking of the ship all night, as there had been a dead calm. A considerable deal of water came through the portholes[92] and sent the things swimming. Lots of tins tumbled about and made a tremendous roar. About twelve a.m. the . . . distance from New York, 995 miles. About this time a stiff breeze came on which all were thankful for, especially those who had been in the cooking galley and got all their good things upset.[93] Lots of potatoes upset. On deck today, and all [that] I am surprised at is that some did not get their limbs broke, but the Lord has truly been mindful of his children. In the afternoon the English Saints had a meeting in the bachelor’s hall and another at night which I attended. I should think there were 250 present. Brother [Henry] Harries spoke on the degeneracy of the human family and said that God had restored the gospel which would bring man back to his former state of purity and strength, while those nations who rejected it would dwindle into nothing. Brother [Robert] Neslen gave some good counsel to the young sisters that stopped in the States. He spoke of persons standing on guard after traveling twenty-five miles, etc. Brother [James] Bond said that some of the states were guilty of every mean act and that worse people could not be found if hell was raked over with a small-tooth comb. He said that many people did not give their children those instructions that were necessary in their infancy, and when they grew up, they were guilty of many bad things, and how it was they could not tell.

[Magleby] In the saloon. The ship rolled so much that the speakers could not stand up. Felt better in the afternoon.

Monday, May 2, 1859

[Neslen] Begins with light breeze, which was attended throughout the day with much rain. Passengers all busy washing.

[Hobbs] Weather and wind in our favor. The rations are being served out, beef and pork and vinegar. . . . Distance from New York, 882 [miles]. Today extra allowance of water is dealt out for the passengers to wash up their clothing. This is kind of the captain [James Bell]. Today me and Jane [Hobbs] are mostly recovered from sickness. Thanks be unto our merciful Father for his kindness to us. This afternoon it is stormy, not many on deck. At night we had a concert in First Ward. Lots of comic and sentimental songs sung and some good tunes by the band. Brother [Robert] Neslen gave me a can of preserved milk, which gave quite a flavor to our tea.

[Magleby] Laid down. I did not feel quite well.

Tuesday, May 3, 1859

[Neslen] Wind increased, blowing from east-southeast. All on deck in good health. A little child [Franklin Andrews][94] fell downstairs upon its head, which hurt itself very seriously.

[Hobbs] Up at five a.m. and assisted Brother [Mark] Lindsey to clean up two of the cabins. Today it is fine. Ship going eight knots an hour. Most of the passengers on the mend. I find it takes away much of the sickness to be up early and stirring about. At twelve a.m. . . . distance from New York, 740 [miles]. Some portions of the day we were going at the rate of eleven knots an hour. This afternoon a child by the name of Franklin Wilford Andrews fell down the stairs and was nearly killed, but the faith of the Saints has triumphed over the monster death, and the child is still living. Enjoyed myself in the dance. The doctor also had a dance but made a poor job of it. Tonight attended a testimony meeting in First Ward. Brother [Henry] Harries said he should see if the conduct of the Saints in afterdays agreed with their testimony, etc. It is a lovely starlight night but very cold.

[Magleby] Did my [cooking] duty. My finger is troubling me.

Wednesday, May 4, 1859

[Neslen] [blank]

[Hobbs] A calm sea, sun shining bright. Ship sailing as much as seven knots an hour. This morning potatoes are plentiful. All is moving on harmoniously. Some soap is being served out. This is unexpected and very necessary. . . . Distance from New York, 548 [miles]. Tonight we had an excellent meeting in the bachelor’s hall. Brothers [James] Bond, [Henry] Harries, [George] Rowley, and [Robert] Neslen addressed us. Brother Neslen in his remarks said there were some individuals that would as soon see the devil as him and it was because he told them of their faults.

[Magleby] I am free. Practicing English.

Thursday, May 5, 1859

[Neslen] [blank]

[Hobbs] The sea is perfectly calm as far as the eye can reach. . . . Distance from New York, 520 [miles]. It seems as though it was calm on purpose, for at two o’clock p.m. Sister Inger Hagg[95] from Sweden was buried in the sea. She died the previous night and was sixty-one years of age. At four o’clock [p.m.] we had a concert on deck. Lots of comic and sentimental songs were sung and some pieces were recited. The band was in attendance. Some eight or ten of the sisters were dressed in white and quite a number of the young men had on white vests, and they sung a piece and danced to it. At night I had the diarrhea and was very poorly all night.

[Magleby] In the saloon.

Friday, May 6, 1859

[Neslen] [blank]

[Hobbs] A lovely day. The wind is rather more in our favor. . . . Distance from New York, 507 [miles]. Today I have been very ill with the diarrhea and headache. Kept in bed most of the day. Jane [Hobbs] has also been very poorly. Lots of the Saints are as bad as myself. I am going to attend to Joseph’s advice and take some mustard, pepper, salt, vinegar, etc.[96] I think it will relieve me of the pain. A testimonial was given to our captain [James Bell] today by Brothers [James] Bond and [Robert] Neslen as a token of our respect. He enjoyed it much and gave the boys a bottle of wine.

[Magleby] I am free. Feeling well.

Saturday, May 7, 1859

[Neslen] [blank]

[Hobbs] Some parts of the day we are going at the rate of four and five knots an hour, and sometimes we are not going long. At twelve a.m. . . . distance from New York, 450 [miles]. It is now ten o’clock [p.m.] and all hands are expected to be in bed. Half past nine [p.m.] is the time for the women and ten [p.m.] for men. Tonight the sisters have got half an hour longer allowed them to enjoy the dance. I have been very poorly today with the diarrhea. Jane [Hobbs] has also been very ill. I am sorry to see her suffer so much pain but feel satisfied that all is for the best. I am on watch up till twelve [a.m.] tonight.

[Magleby] I am well. Was called to [see] the president [Robert] Neslen for the English and [Soren] Guhl[97] for the Scandinavians to explain if it was my intention to love and to marry Mary [Christiansen], if it was. Mary was also called forth and the same questions put to her, and as it was with her and with my will, it became settled that we were to get married the next day.

Sunday, May 8, 1859

[Neslen] [blank]

[Hobbs] Had meeting in the bachelor’s hall on account of a heavy fog that was falling. Brother [Robert] Neslen gave some good counsel to the married and single. He told the young folks that if they married a wife because of her good attainments, they were not acting wisely. But if they married on a righteous principle, to have a posterity to be a comfort and blessing to each other, then he would advise them to go to ahead. He spoke of individuals falling in love the first time they saw each other, but that he would like to summer and winter a lady, and then he would know something of her disposition. After he got through his discourse, he married five couples of foreigners.[98] The young men had all been faithful elders in the ministry, and some had been imprisoned several times for preaching. Today we are going as much as nine knots an hour but not in the right direction. It is very cold. At twelve [a.m.] . . . distance [to] New York, 360 [miles]. In the afternoon we had a meeting on the poop deck. Brother [James] Bond spoke about the dis-United States and the abuse they had heaped upon this people and said their reward was sure. He also stated that men and women were getting more and more enlightened as to their rights and were beginning to see the rottenness of the priests and rulers of the land. In his remarks he said something which quite amused me concerning a young man and woman. The young man said his love was like a wedding ring, it had no end. She in reply said that her love was like the wedding ring, for it never had a beginning. Before the meeting was through, the fog was very heavy. The bell tolled considerable to prevent a collision with other ships. At night a large number convened together in the bachelor’s hall. Quite a number of brethren spoke. I spoke some little concerning Oliver Cromwell[99] and the good he accomplished in his day, that he fought for the freedom of his country, etc. Brother Bond moved that a vote of thanks be given to Brother Neslen. It was carried by saying aye. One was given to Brothers [Henry] Harries, [George] Rowley, and Bond and carried in the same manner. Brother [John] Williams’s circumstances [were] brought before the Saints, and they had the privilege of doing what laid in their power for him. He is our cook and a good-tempered soul. . . . Distance from New York, 297 [miles].

[Magleby] Fasted and preparing for the coming celebration. At 10:30 [a.m.] I was called into our quarter, the fifth, where the meeting was to be held. Five couples were there who were to be married, among them two Norwegian couples. The latter were Christian Olson[100] with Anne [Daelen][101] and Brother [Christian] Hogensen[102] with Petra [Larsen][103] and I with Mary [Christiansen]. The meeting opened, and [Robert] Neslen gave a long and instructive sermon in English, which I understood in part. After this he performed the marriage ordinance for us, after we had promised that we would love each other, be true to each other, and so forth. Holy Father, thou seest this our marriage, and I pray thee in the name of thy son that it may be to a blessing for us, since love triumphs over all. May love increase with us so that we, our Father, may by its help overcome all and keep the covenant we have made with Thee and with each other, that it may bring blessings and exaltation, both for time and eternity. The weather is fine. We are now about 360 English miles from New York. In the afternoon we had a meeting on the deck, and in the evening under the deck. We treated the presidency, and we had great joy this day.

Monday, May 9, 1859

[Neslen] [blank]

[Hobbs] Weather very cold. Ship sailing as much as nine knots an hour but not in the right direction. At twelve a.m. . . . 297 miles from New York. Last night the second mate’s wife was walking about the different wards with only her shift[104] on. Some say she was mad and that it took several to hold her and that it was owing to what her husband said about giving her name in to be a Saint, etc. Brother [Henry] Davis[105] threw a blanket round her, and she was given in to the right hands.

[Magleby] Up early. Did my [cooking] work. Foggy.

Tuesday, May 10, 1859

[Neslen] [blank]

[Hobbs] A heavy fog descended and continued most of the day. In the after part of the day the ship sailed as much as ten knots an hour. At twelve [a.m.] . . . distance from New York [blank]. Today the boatswain[106] attempted to use his knife to the third mate. In the evening a bachelor’s ball took place and was well attended. I enjoyed myself in the dance. Several comic songs were sung by James Bond. Meeting adjourned about ten in the evening. In the night two sisters were confined.

Today the tenth I forgot to mention we passed the [blank] bound for New York with [blank] hundred passengers on board. We gave them three cheers and went on our journey.

[Magleby] Arose well and happy. I am feeling well. A selection has been made for a presidency and for myself and Mary [Christiansen Magleby]. We gave to [Robert] Neslen one dollar and to the others fifty cents.

Wednesday, May 11, 1859

[Neslen] [blank]

[Hobbs] A strong wind continued in our favor, taking us ten knots an hour. At twelve [a.m.] the captain [James Bell] gave us a rough calculation of the distance from New York. It was [blank]. This is as near as he could tell, having no sun to take the degrees. When it was dark, we had to take in half the sail for fear of running ashore. A considerable deal of rain fell today. It is very cold and chilly.

[Magleby] We had a good wind, but towards evening such a storm met the captain [James Bell] that he could not see land and sailed with the small sails. I completed my term of service today.

Thursday, May 12, 1859

[Neslen] Nothing out of the ordinary transpired during the remainder of the passage until May 12, when we took on board a pilot. It was a beautiful, clear, warm day. In the afternoon land was sighted and all hearts rejoiced. I commenced to feel the weight and the care of landing with such a large company.[107]

[Hobbs] The weather still favorable. Ship sailing about seven knots an hour. At about [blank] o’clock today the pilot came on board and reported that we were thirty-five miles from New York. This caused the hearts of the Saints to rejoice, but oh, how great was their joy when they saw the banks on either side covered with many beautiful buildings and trees. I shall not attempt to describe. Suffice to say they were exceeding glad. We passed by several lovely islands on our way up to New York. We were examined by the doctor and passed without any difficulty. About five p.m. we arrived at or opposite New York. We can see Castle Garden, and it looks better than it was represented to be. The customhouse officers came on board and said we would have to go to the [Castle] Garden tonight, but Brother [Robert] Neslen reasoned with them a little and got them persuaded to let us stay on board till the next day. We are informed that all the emigrant ships that have arrived have buried lots who have died with the smallpox,[108] and it is reported that several ships are prohibited from coming in to land their passengers on account of so many being bad with the smallpox. And if this be true, how thankful should we be for so prosperous a voyage and only one death. There is a man-of-war[109] ship laying right on our left. Today we saw several fine steamboats. One was the Metropolis, and another the Commonwealth. Today lots of the Saints emptied their straw beds and will probably lay on the ticks[110] tonight. Bread was brought on board at six pence[111] for a very little loaf. Some exchanged peas and rice for a little bread. Brother Neslen says one emigrant ship has been out sixty-five days and is now at Halifax.[112] Seven [passengers], up till the last heard of her, had died with smallpox, and they were on short rations. Brothers Neslen and [James] Bond went onshore and returned with Brother [Thomas] Stenhouse.[113] The steamship [blank] is right before us. She is the one I understand that will carry our letters to England in a few days. The papers state that one of the judges in Utah is dismissed from office by [Alfred] Cumming.[114]

[Magleby] This morning we saw the pilot from New York, and during the forenoon[115] he boarded the ship and made hurrahs from the passengers. After that a big hurrah for the captain [James Bell] because of his goodness and his willingness to serve us all. Shortly after this we saw land, and joy was among us all, and be thee, Father, praised and honored for your guidance and mercy. That evening about seven o’clock [p.m.] we anchored in New York. We each paid fourteen dollars for the trip over the continent.

Notes

[1] William P. MacKinnon, “Utah Expedition of 1857–58, or Utah War,” in New Encyclopedia of the American West, 1149–51.

[2] “Emigration to the States Stopped for the Present,” Millennial Star 19, no. 42 (October 17, 1857): 668.

[3] There were six transoceanic voyages of Latter-day Saint immigrants to the United States in 1859. The first three brought Australian and South African Saints to America: the Milwaukie sailed from Melbourne, Australia, on January 1, 1859, and arrived in San Francisco, California, on March 21; the James Buck sailed from Port Elizabeth, South Africa, on January 22, 1859, and arrived in Boston, Massachusetts, on March 18; and the Alacrity departed on the same route on March 9, 1859, and landed on May 19. The fourth voyage, that of the William Tapscott, carried European emigrants—including most of the pioneers of the Eighth Handcart Company—from Liverpool on April 11, 1859, to New York City, arriving on May 13. The two final passenger ships carrying Latter-day Saint emigrants—the Antarctic and the Emerald Isle—both sailed from Liverpool, on July 10 and August 18, 1859, respectively, arriving in America much too late to join the overland wagon and handcart companies that summer. “Voyages in 1859,” Saints by Sea, https://saintsbysea.lib.byu.edu/browse_voyages/?year=1859.

[4] Jenson, History of the Scandinavian Mission, 139–40.

[5] “E�����������پ��Dz�,” Millennial Star 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1859): 8.

[6] “The Gathering,” Millennial Star 21, no. 5 (January 29, 1859): 77.

[7] The L. N. Hvidt, a Danish iron steamship, was built in 1857 by James Henderson and Son in Renfrew, Scotland. It featured three masts and one funnel, and it was owned by the General Danish Screw Steamship and Co., based out of Copenhagen, from whence it plied the North Sea for more than four decades of passenger service. In 1857, it carried 506 Scandinavian Saints to England, where they boarded the Westmoreland in Liverpool bound for the United States. Sonne, Ships, Saints, and Mariners, 130.

[8] Jenson, History of the Scandinavian Mission, 140.

[9] British Mission Emigration Register, 130–31.

[10] ����貹���ٳܰ���,” Millennial Star 21, no. 18 (April 30, 1859): 286.

[11] Robert Francis Neslen (1832–1912), FamilySearch–KWXQ-FB4, was president of the Latter-day Saint emigrant company aboard the William Tapscott and captain of the eponymous Robert F. Neslen Wagon Company in 1859. See Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, 2:518–20.

[12] According to maritime historian Conway Sonne, “the William Tapscott was one of the largest full-rigged ships built in Maine during the 1850s. She was a typical ‘Down Easter’—sturdy, moneymaking, moderately sparred, and designed for carrying capacity.” The ship was built in 1852 by William Drummond at Bath, Maine. It weighed 1525 tons and measured 195′ by 41′ by 21′. “She was a three-decker with a square stern and billethead. Among her owners, including her namesake, were such well-known mariners as William Drummond, Gilbert C. Trufant, and George B. Cornish. She hailed from New York. After plying the oceans for about forty years the William Tapscott was lost in the English Channel in the early 1890s.” Ships, Saints, and Mariners, 198–99. Before the ship’s final voyage, Captain James Bell and the William Tapscott transported 2,262 Latter-day Saint emigrants across the Atlantic en route for Zion, more than any other sailing ship in the nineteenth century. In May 1859 it transported 725 Saints to New York Harbor, followed by 730 Saints in May 1860 and 807 Saints in May 1862. See Sonne, Ships, Saints, and Mariners, 198–99.

[13] Henry Hugh Harries (1828–1902), FamilySearch–KWJH-ZX5, was a counselor to Robert F. Neslen aboard the William Tapscott and went overland to Utah in the Robert F. Neslen Wagon Company in 1859.

[14] George Rowley (1827–1907), FamilySearch–KWV3-B7H, was a counselor to Robert F. Neslen aboard the William Tapscott and was appointed captain of the Eighth Handcart Company in 1859. See “Appendix 2: Eighth Handcart Company Roster,” in this volume; hereafter Appendix 2.

[15] Charles James Bell Higson (1859–1923), FamilySearch–KJPB-VB6, went overland to Utah with his parents in the Robert F. Neslen Wagon Company in 1859. See Robert F. Neslen to Asa Calkin, letter, May 13, 1859, reprinted as “Correspondence,” Millennial Star 21, no. 25 (June 18, 1859): 400.

[16] Henry Hobbs (1835–1917), FamilySearch–KWJ7-YTQ. See Appendix 2.

[17] A passenger boat also used to ferry cargo and correspondence on a regularly scheduled route.

[18] Hans Olsen Magleby (1835–1903), FamilySearch–KWZ2-DVV. See Appendix 2.

[19] A government building at a port. In a customhouse, duties and customs fees are collected, and ships are registered and released.

[20] The River Mersey flows seventy miles northwest and west from Greater Manchester through northwestern England before emptying into the Irish Sea via an estuary that forms the Liverpool harbor.

[21] James Bond (1830–1877), FamilySearch–KWJ4-N1V, went overland to Utah in the Robert F. Neslen Wagon Company in 1859.

[22] George Dennis Keaton (1828–1889), FamilySearch–KWDM-L7F, went overland to Utah in the Robert F. Neslen Wagon Company in 1859.

[23] Henry Olpin (1805–1879), FamilySearch–KWJC-DN2. See Appendix 2.

[24] Henry Hartley (c. 1835–?). See Appendix 2.

[25] The deck located near a ship’s stern, above the main deck.

[26] Niels Wilhelmsen (1824–1881), FamilySearch–KWJX-HJ5, went overland to Utah in the Samuel A. Woolley Wagon Company in 1861. See Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, 3:564–65.

[27] A current of air blowing against the desired course of travel.

[28] A crewmember or sailor of a vessel.

[29] A sleeping place or cabin on a ship.

[30] Jane Bellman Hobbs (1823–1910), FamilySearch–KJWV-VZZ. See Appendix 2.

[31] Carl Charles Widerborg (1814–1869), FamilySearch–KWJF-QGJ, was president of the Scandinavian Mission from 1858 until 1860 and went overland to Utah in the William Budge Wagon Company in 1860. See Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, 1:814.

[32] Tea is a proscribed substance according to the Word of Wisdom (see Doctrine and Covenants 89), along with wine, strong drink, tobacco, and other hot drinks such as coffee. While Latter-day Saints today are taught to follow the Word of Wisdom carefully, this revelation was viewed by many nineteenth-century Church members as inspired counsel rather than as a commandment. Additionally, drinking water was often unhealthy during the pioneer era, and waterborne illnesses were still misunderstood at the time. Through a combination of these factors, pioneers generally consumed tea and the other substances mentioned above in moderation, often for medicinal purposes. Foodways historian Brock Cheney writes: “British converts represented more than half of the foreign Mormon migration from Europe. Hence tea also figured prominently on the [overland] trail.” Plain but Wholesome, 155–59; see also Paul H. Peterson, “Word of Wisdom,” in Encyclopedia of Latter-day Saint History, 1365–66.

[33] A unit of measurement for liquids. It measures around four or five fluid ounces, depending on the country.

[34] Asa Starkweather Calkin (1809–1873), FamilySearch–KWJ4-HS9, was president of the European Mission from 1858 until 1860 and went overland to Utah in the Hooper and Eldredge Freight Wagon Train in 1860. See Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, 4:312–13.

[35] James Darling Ross (1824–1878), FamilySearch–KWVL-2FC, was first counselor in the European Mission and went overland to Utah in the eponymous James Darling Ross Wagon Company in 1860.

[36] William Budge (1828–1919), FamilySearch–KWC8-8X9, was second counselor in the European Mission and went overland to Utah in the eponymous William Budge Wagon Company in 1860. See Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, 1:451.

[37] James Burnie Bell (1812–1879) was born in Ruthwell, Scotland, and married Hannah Gill in 1841, in Liverpool, England. In 1851, after working on ships for more than two decades, he was certified as a shipmaster. Between 1859 and 1862, he captained three voyages of Latter-day Saint emigrants from Liverpool to New York aboard the William Tapscott. See Heidi Rempel, “Captain James B. Bell,” blog, Stephen B. Luce Library, https://medium.com/@LuceLibrary/captain-james-b-bell-d82cfadaa06a.

[38] John Schofield (1830–1905), FamilySearch–KWJH-YGL. See Appendix 2.

[39] One who operates a mill to crush grain into flour.

[40] Mark Lindsey (1832–1900), FamilySearch–KWJW-H56. See Appendix 2.

[41] “Administer” here refers to healing. The process involves anointing the sick with consecrated oil, then delivering a priesthood blessing of healing by the laying on of hands.

[42] That is, raised the vessel’s anchor in preparation for sailing.

[43] Robert Neslen recounted of their departure: “Every heart rejoiced in bidding adieu to Babylon and setting forth for the land of Zion. The joyous songs of Zion echoed through the ship and as we got into the channel, the chorus followed, of course, in good seasick style, in which nearly all joined in to their heart’s content.” “Correspondence,” 400.

[44] One who is employed to guide a ship in and out of a seaport.

[45] William Hobbs (1837–1922), FamilySearch–KWJ7-BTC. See Appendix 2.

[46] Hans O. Magleby (1835–1903), FamilySearch–KWZ2-DVV, was born on April 14, 1835, and turned twenty-four years old on this day. See Appendix 2.

[47] Robert Neslen noted that “the monotony of the voyage was enlivened with singing, instrumental music, dancing and games, &c; in which, as a matter of course, the junior portion placed a prominent part, while the more sedate enjoyed themselves in seeing and hearing the happifying recreations.” “Correspondence,” 401.

[48] A dark brown ale commonly called porter’s beer.

[49] Hans Magleby was born in Denmark, and Danish was his native tongue. Like many of his fellow Scandinavian Latter-day Saint immigrants, he was learning English in preparation for his new life in America.

[50] See footnote 15 herein for his birth on April 7, 1859.

[51] Robert Neslen describes these meetings as follows: “During the whole of the voyage, from the day of our organization, we had the people called together for prayer every morning and evening at eight o’clock, which was faithfully attended to by the people. On Sundays, three meetings were held on deck, and fellowship meeting in each ward two nights a week, which was a good preventive against grumbling, as it kept the minds of the people actively engaged in the better things of the kingdom.” “Correspondence,” 400–401.

[52] The Dreadnought was one of the era’s fastest sailing ships. As a clipper packet ship, it “was built for the American Red Cross Line in 1853 to compete with the steamships of that period. She was 200 feet long on her keel, 212 feet on her deck, had a beam of 41½ feet and a hold depth of 26½ feet. Primarily an emigrant carrier, the Dreadnought could take 200 passengers in her ‘tween decks; she had, in addition, accommodation for a number of saloon passengers.” “The Wild Boat of the Atlantic: The ‘Dreadnought,’” Shipping Wonders of the World, https://www.shippingwondersoftheworld.com/dreadnought.html.

[53] One nautical mile per hour (1.15 miles per hour).

[54] That is, look angrily or hostilely (at someone).

[55] In this usage, a non–Latter-day Saint. Church members, who believe themselves to be the modern-day house of Israel, often use this term to refer to nonmembers.

[56] Hymen was the Greek god of marriage.

[57] This Christian hymn was featured in several nineteenth-century hymnals of Restoration tradition.

[58] Elizabeth Carr Brereton (1829–1903), FamilySearch–KWJ7-XGT, went overland to Utah in the Walter Huish Wagon Company in 1859.

[59] A deck officer who ranks below the vessel’s captain.

[60] A ship’s official cargo capacity in weight.

[61] A spacious public gathering space on a ship, often used for dining and meetings.

[62] To restore one’s health or well-being.

[63] “Alcohol also found a place on the [Mormon] trail. Beer, cider, and wine consumed too much weight and space to be practical for trail use; distilled alcohol was more sensible,” notes historian Brock Cheney. “Though Joseph Smith began promoting the prohibition of alcohol in the Word of Wisdom in 1833, Mormons as a whole didn’t pay much attention for a century after its introduction. From the Nauvoo House to the Lion House, alcohol had a place at the Mormon table and bar. These patterns followed the Mormon pioneers across the plains to Utah.” Plain but Wholesome, 155, 160.

[64] James Bond spoke from experience: he had crossed the plains previously in 1849 or 1850, before returning to England on a mission in 1853.

[65] A gallery for public presentations and discussions.

[66] Matilda Barrett (1843–1921), FamilySearch–KWJ7-BTZ. See Appendix 2.

[67] An item of little value or importance; in this case, a small sum of money.

[68] Brock Cheney notes, “Contrary to the proscriptions of the Word of Wisdom, tea and coffee played an important part of the story of food on the [overland] trail. Overland emigrants reflected this attitude in their provisions of coffee.” Plain but Wholesome, 155–56.

[69] A sweet red wine traditionally produced in northern Portugal, often served during dessert.

[70] A starch derived from trees and used in food.

[71] A kind of sausage or bologna.

[72] A mineral used for purifying water. It is also used for tanning leather.

[73] Tallow-yielding fat from the kidneys and loins of cows and sheep.

[74] The Monarch of the Sea was built in 1854 by Roosevelt Coyce & Company at New York City. “A big three-decker, this clipper ship was exceptionally strong and fast and operated in the Washington Line out of New York,” describes Conway Sonne. “Built with the usual three masts, a round stern, and billethead, she was owned by Captain William R. Gardner and other businessmen. After more than a quarter of a century in service the Monarch of the Sea was reported lost in 1880.” Ships, Saints, and Mariners, 146–47.

[75] In nautical usage, speak means to communicate at sea using signals or other methods.

[76] In the rear of a vessel.

[77] To move a vessel by light winds or waves.

[78] William Bye Scogings (1822–1883), FamilySearch–KWJ8-ZHL. See Appendix 2.

[79] This is an allusion to Song of Solomon 6:10: “Who is she that looketh forth as the morning, fair as the moon, clear as the sun, and terrible as an army with banners?” See also Doctrine and Covenants 5:14, 105:31, and 109:73.

[80] Aggressively noisy.

[81] An allusion to the symbolic iron rod featured in Lehi’s dream, as recounted in the Book of Mormon: “And it came to pass that I beheld others pressing forward, and they came forth and caught hold of the end of the rod of iron; and they did press forward through the mist of darkness, clinging to the rod of iron, even until they did come forth and partake of the fruit of the tree” (1 Nephi 8:24).

[82] An allusion to Jesus Christ’s teaching in the New Testament: “Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets” (Matthew 7:12).

[83] George D. Keaton had served a proselyting mission in the Italian Mission from 1852 until 1854, and he spent some time in the Waldensian mountains and valleys. See Toronto, Dursteler, and Homer, Mormons in the Piazza, 92–96.

[84] A violent windstorm frequently accompanied by rain or snow.

[85] Gjertrud Marie “Mary” Christiansen Magleby (1838–1867), FamilySearch–KWV9-C67. See Appendix 2.

[86] Nineteenth-century Latter-day Saints used the term sectarian to make a distinction between the rise of the Restoration and what they viewed as fractured, apostate Christianity.

[87] Frank Pitman (1837–1874), FamilySearch–KWJT-BJ6. See Appendix 2.

[88] This is likely John Taylor, who went overland to Utah in the Horton D. Haight/Frederick Kesler Freight Train in 1859.

[89] Castle Garden, America’s first immigration station, was constructed between 1808 and 1811 in Battery Park, New York City. It was initially built as a circular military fortification called Fort Clinton; the military stopped using it for this purpose in 1821. Between 1855 and 1890, more than eight million emigrants, mostly from Northern European nations, entered the United States through this facility on the southern tip of Manhattan. Beginning in 1892, immigrants began passing into America through Ellis Island, New York. Smith, “Castle Garden,” 41–43.

[90] A Canadian island east of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the Atlantic Ocean.

[91] Thomas France (age 26), an English miner. British Mission Emigration Register, 107.

[92] An opening like a window on the side of a vessel.

[93] To overturn or take an object out of its proper position.

[94] Franklin Wilford Andrews (1854–1940), FamilySearch–KWC5-8GX. See Appendix 2.

[95] Inger Oleson Hagg (1797–1859), FamilySearch–K6F8-9KC. Robert F. Neslen commented on her maritime passing: “The health of the passengers was excellent. This can be realized from the fact that out of the 726 passengers, we had but one death—an old sister from Sweden, named Inger Oleson Hagg, aged 61, and who had been afflicted for upwards of five years previous to her embarkation.” “Correspondence,” 400.

[96] While living in Nauvoo, Illinois, the Prophet Joseph Smith taught on April 13, 1843: “if you feel any inconvenince take some mild physic. 2 or 3 times and then some good bitters—if you cant get any thing else take a little salts. and Cyanne [cayenne] pepper— if you cant get salt take pecoria.—or gnaw down a butternut tree, eat some boneset, or hoarhound.” Joseph Smith, journal, April 13, 1843, Joseph Smith Papers, Journals 2, 357. For more on medical care during the Prophet’s lifetime, see Orton and Slaughter, Joseph Smith’s America, 24–25.

[97] Soren Peder Guhl (1821–1883), FamilySearch–KWJ8-9RQ, went overland to Utah in the Robert F. Neslen Wagon Company in 1859.

[98] Robert Neslen observed: “In the matrimonial department we did exceedingly well, as we had nineteen marriages, five couples of which were English, one Swiss, and thirteen Scandinavians, all of which were solemnized by myself.” “Correspondence,” 400.

[99] Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658) was an English statesman and general who served as Lord Protector of England between 1653 and 1658.

[100] Christian Olsen (1825–1915), FamilySearch–KWNK-P8K, went overland to Utah in the Robert F. Neslen Wagon Company in 1859.

[101] Anne Ellingsdatter Daelen (1835–1900), FamilySearch–L5FH-LSY, went overland to Utah in the Robert F. Neslen Wagon Company in 1859.

[102] Christian Hogensen (1830–1899), FamilySearch–KWD3-N2R. See Appendix 2.

[103] Karen Petra Larsen Hogensen (1830–1917), FamilySearch–KWJZ-XRP. See Appendix 2.

[104] A woman’s skirt or dress worn under regular clothing.

[105] Henry W. Davis (age 18), an English engine driver. See British Mission Emigration Register, 111.

[106] Petty officer on a vessel responsible for maintenance work.

[107] Robert Neslen confided to Calkin: “I certainly felt it quite a task in being appointed to take charge of a company composed of people from so many countries, speaking nine different languages, and having different manners, customs, and peculiarities, and thrown together under such close circumstances; and on our arrival here, we were pronounced by doctors and government officers to be the best-disciplined and most agreeable company that ever arrived at this port.” “Correspondence,” 401.

[108] An extremely contagious and deadly disease characterized by fever and pustules.

[109] An official warship of a nation’s navy featuring cannons and sails.

[110] The fabric cover of a mattress and its stuffing.

[111] Plural of pennies.

[112] An inland port and the capital city of Nova Scotia, Canada, on the Atlantic coast.

[113] Thomas Brown Holmes Stenhouse (1824–1882), FamilySearch–KWJ4-X49, was called as an emigration agent in the late 1850s and went overland to Utah in the Edward Stevenson Wagon Company in 1859. See Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, 4:385.

[114] Alfred Cumming (1802–1873) was Utah Territory’s second governor, appointed by President James Buchanan to succeed Brigham Young during the Utah War. Cumming disagreed with federally appointed judge John Cradlebaugh, who wanted to keep federal troops in Utah in the aftermath of the Utah War and the Mountain Meadows Massacre. According to historian Charles Peterson, Cumming “occupied the gubernatorial chair with dignity and fairness, and even achieved a degree of success in helping to define the nature of political authority in the federal territorial system that was emerging in the area that had been taken from Mexico.” “Alfred Cumming,” in Utah History Encyclopedia, 120; see also “Opinions of the Press,” Deseret News, June 1, 1859, 100.

[115] The early part of the day ending at noon.